I- Silica Dioxide yeMikhiqizo Yokudla: Umgibeli Ongabonakali weKhwalithi Yokudla - Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Zayo, Izicelo Eziningi, kanye Nokuphepha

Kwadalwa ngo 11.16

Ishukela Eliphezulu Le-Silica Dioxide: "Umvikeli Ongabonakali" Wezinga Lokudla - Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Zayo, Izicelo Ezinhlobonhlobo, Nokuphepha

Emkhakheni wezokudla wanamuhla, kusukela kubholo obunempilo kuya kumikhiqizo yobisi ethambile, kusukela ezithako ezingabambeki kuya kokudla okuphansayo okunezimpilo ezinde, kukhona "umsizi ongabonakali" ngemuva kwazo zonke - i-silica dioxide yezenhlalakahle. Le powder engabonakali, enezici zayo ezihlukile zomzimba nezokuphepha, isibe isithako esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa ubunjalo bokudla, ukuzinza, nokusebenza kahle kokucubungula. Qala ezicini zayo eziyisisekelo, le ndatshana izochaza izimo zokusebenza kwayo ezindaweni eziningi, ihlaziye amaphuzu abalulekile okuhambisana nokuphepha, futhi ibheke phambili kumathrendi wezobuchwepheshe, ikusize uthole ukuqonda okuphelele kwalolu "gadi wekhwalithi yokudla".

1. I-Silica Dioxide Yokudla: Iyini? - Incazelo, Izinhlobo, Nezici Eziyinhloko

I- silica dioxide yokudla (ifomula ye-chemistry: SiO₂, CAS No.: 7631-86-9) ayisiyona into eyodwa, kodwa iyinhlangano yezinhlanganisela ezingezona eziphilayo ezakhiwe ikakhulu ngempushana engacacile. Izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka phakathi imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngendlela yokwehla, indlela yokuphuma (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-colloidal silica noma i-silica fume), kanye nendlela ye-gel. Izinzuzo zayo eziyisisekelo ziqhamuka kumicrostructure yayo kanye nokusebenza kwesikhumba, nezici ezithile eziqoqwe ezintweni ezintathu ezibalulekile:

1.1 Izinzuzo Zokwakha: Isakhiwo Esine-Porous + Indawo Ephakeme Ethile, Ikhono Elihle Lokumunca

I- microstructure ye-silica dioxide yokudla iyifomu "elipholile elinokungena", enezikhala ezivame ukuba phakathi kuka-2 no-50 nm kanye nendawo ethile yokuphuma engu-50 kuya ku-600 m²/g (imikhiqizo ye-silica efumekile ikhiqiza kahle, ifinyelela ku-200 kuya ku-400 m²/g). Le structure inika amandla amakhulu okuphatha - ingakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi avulekile abala u-30% kuya ku-50% wesisindo sayo, noma u-2 kuya ku-3 izikhathi zesisindo sayo ngama-oyili, ibeka isisekelo sokuthi "ukuvikela ukuhlanganiswa, ukulawula umswakama, nokunciphisa ukuhlinzekwa kwe-oyili".

1.2 Izici Zezinto: Usayizi Wezithako Ezincane + Ukungasebenzi Kwamakhemikhali, Kufaneleka Ezimeni Eziningi

Usayizi wezakhi zayo uvamise ukuba phakathi kuka-1 no-100 nm (nanoscale) kuya ku-1 no-15 μm (micron scale), uvumela ukuba ihlale ihlukaniswe kahle ezinhlelweni zokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igcina ukuzinza kwemichiza ngaphakathi kwebanga le-pH elingu-5 kuya ku-10 futhi ayiphenduli nezinto ezifana nophizi, ubisi lwepoteini, noma ama-emulsifiers. Ingasebenza njenge "dispersant" ukuvimbela ukungalingani kokugxila endaweni ethile futhi iphinde ibe "carrier" ukuvikela izinto ezisebenzayo ezifana nama-enzyme nama-vitamini (ngokulahleka kwezinto ezisebenzayo okungaphansi kuka-5% ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-6 zokugcina ku-37°C).

1.3 Isisekelo Sokuphepha: Ukuhlanzeka Okuphakeme + Ukungcoliswa Okuphansi, Kuhlangabezana Nezinga Lokudla

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Microstructure of food-grade silica dioxide showing porous structure and particle size distribution.

2. Izinhlelo Ezitholakala Overal: Kusukela KuDough Kuya KuMileki, Kufaka Izimo Eziningi Zokudla

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-silica dioxide efanele ukudla akukhawulelwanga kumkhakha owodwa, kodwa kungena ezixhumaneni eziningi zemboni yokudla. Indima yayo ebalulekile uku "xazulula izinkinga ezibuhlungu ekucubunguleni nasekugcineni ukudla ngokusebenzisa ukuguqulwa komzimba". Izimo ezithile nezindlela zisebenza kanje:

2.1 Ukubhaka Nezimpahla Zokhuni: Kusuka "Ukhuni Oluphakeme" kuya ku "Uphondo Oluphakeme"

Emaphutheni afana nokhukhamba, ubhontshisi, ama-noodle amasha, kanye nezikhwama ze-dumpling ezisheshayo, idlala indima ephindwe kabili yokuthi "ithuthukisi lesakhiwo" kanye "nesithako sokuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa":

• Ukuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa + Ukwandisa ukuhamba: Ukwengeza u-0.1% kuya ku-0.3% kwalokhu kufulawa noma ku-baking premix kungabhidliza "umbhoshongo we-liquid" phakathi kwezinto ngokumunca amanzi akhululekile, kunciphisa i-angle yokuphumula kwefulawa ukusuka ku-45° iye phansi kuka-35°, kuvimba ukuhlanganiswa ngesikhathi sokuphonsa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa futhi ukusabalala okufanayo kwezinsiza zokuphakamisa ezifana ne-sodium bicarbonate, kugweme "ukuphakama" noma "ukwehla" ezindaweni ezithile kubhakedeni;

• Ukuqinisa I-Dough + Ukuhlela I-Texture: Ekwenzeni ubhontshisi, ama-particles e-silica dioxide angama-5-15 μm angasebenza njenge "izixhumi zomzimba", ehlela ububanzi bezinhlaka ze-gluten ukusuka ku-8-12 μm kuya ku-5-8 μm futhi wandisa ukumunca kwamanzi ngo-2%-5%. Uma ku-0.3% engeziwe, ivolumu ethile yobhontshisi inyuka ukusuka ku-3.8 mL/g iye ku-4.5 mL/g, ngokuba nezikhala zomoya ezihambisanayo. Uma isetshenziswa emakhukhi amanzi amasha, amandla okudonsa enyuka ngo-15%-20%, futhi izinga lokuphuka ngemva kokubiliswa emanzini imizuzu emithathu lehla ukusuka ku-12% laya phansi ku-5%;

• Ukuvimbela Ukuqhekeka + Ukunweba Impilo Yeshelufu: Uma kusetshenziswa ndawonye ne-0.2% trehalose kumapulazi e-dumpling aqandisiwe, izinga lokuphuka ngemva kwezinsuku eziyi-30 zokugcina ku--18°C lingancipha lisuka ku-22% lize libe ku-8%, lixazulula inkinga yokuthi "ukuqhekeka kwendawo okubangelwa ukuhamba kokunetha ngesikhathi sokufaka-ukubanda."

2.2 Imikhiqizo yobisi: Kusuka ku "Ubisi Olwakhiwe" kuya ku "Umphefumulo Ohlanzekile"

Emafutheni okwenziwa ngamakhalakhana afana nobisi, i-yogurt, kanye ne-creamer engelona ubisi, isebenza njenge "stabilizer" kanye ne "texture improver":

• Ukuvimbela Ukuhlukaniswa KweLiquid: Emikhiqizweni yephunga elishintshiwe noma eziphuzwayo ze-lactic acid, i-nanoscale silica dioxide ingabamba phezulu kwezakhi zofuzo ze-milk protein, yakha uhlelo oluqinile lokuphakanyiswa futhi ivimbele "ukuphakama kwephunga lamanzi nokwehla kwezakhi zofuzo" ngemva kokuma;

• Ukuthuthukisa Ukuphuma: Uma kufakwa kwi-creamer engelona ubisi noma kwi-creamer yekhofi, kunganciphisa "izigaxa" ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa kwepudingi, kwenze ukunambitheka kube nekhwalithi ephezulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ivimbela i-creamer engelona ubisi ekwakheni izigaxa ngenxa yokumunca umswakama ngesikhathi sokugcina (ukwengeza u-0.2% kunganciphisa izinga lokwakheka kwezigaxa ngo-80%).

2.3 Izithako Nezidlo Ezishaywayo: Kusuka "Uphondo Olushaywayo" kuya "Izithako Ezifanayo"

Emafutheni aphukile afana noshukela ophukile, imixube yeziqhamo, imixube ye-soup esheshayo, kanye nophuzi lwe-protein, kuyinto eyinhloko "yokulwa nokuhlangana":

• Ukuxazulula "Ubunzima Bokuphakela": Ukwengeza u-0.1% kuya ku-0.2% kwayo ku-sugar powder noma ku-cocoa powder kungagcina uthuli lukhona esimweni esithambile ngokusebenzisa "ukufaka ama-particles + ukuheha umswakama", kuvinjezela ukuvimbela komlomo webhodlela ngesikhathi sokuphakela;

• Ukuqinisekisa "Umswakama Ofanayo": Emixube yephunga (efana ne-powder ye-barbecue kanye ne-powder ye-hot pot base), isebenza njengomthwalo wokuhlanganisa kahle nezinsalela zephunga, igwema "ukudlula kokunambitheka noma kokunambitheka okukhulu", enekhofi ye-variation (CV) yokuhlanganiswa okufanayo < 5%.

2.4 Ukudla Okusekelwe Kwe-Oil: Kusuka "Ezinsikeni Zokupheka Ezine-Oil" kuya "Amakhekhe Anganawo Ama-Oil"

Ezimnandi eziphekiwe (izikhwama zedough ezifryiwe, ama-chips epotato) kanye namabiskidi aqinile, isebenza njenge "mphathi we-oyili":

• Ukunciphisa Izinga Lokwamukela Uwoyela: Uma uphisa ama-dough sticks, ukufaka i-0.3% silica dioxide, isakhiwo sayo esinokungena singakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngowoyela owengeziwe, kunciphisa izinga lokwamukela uwoyela lama-dough sticks aphisiwe ngo-10%-15% futhi kwenze ukunambitheka kube kuhle kakhulu;

• Ukuvimbela Ukuqhuma Kwamafutha: Ukwengeza u-0.2% kuya ku-0.4% kwayo kumabiskidi aqinile kungakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamafutha mahhala ngaphakathi kwamabiskidi, kugweme "ukuqhuma kwamafutha phezulu kanye nephunga elinokhuni" ngesikhathi sokugcina. Inani lokuhlola lokuhlola ukuqinisa lenyuka ngo-12%, futhi impilo yokugcina iyanda ngo-30%.![Isithombe 2 Isithombe Sezimo Zokusebenza Eziningi Zokusebenzisa I-Silica Dioxide YezeMikhiqizo (Qaphela: Khombisa izimo ezifana nezikhwama zefulawa, ubhake, amakhathoni we-milk, izinkomishi zokunambitha, nezikhwama zokupheka, futhi uphinde ubonise indima eyinhloko ye-silica dioxide kuyo yonke imisebenzi)](Faka isithombe sezimo zokusebenza lapha ukuze ubonise kahle ukusetyenziswa kwayo ezithelweni ezahlukene)

Izimo zokusebenza ze-silica dioxide yeziqhamo zokudla emikhiqizweni ehlukene yokudla.

3. Ingabe Kuphephile? - Izindinganiso Zokuhambisana Nezimpawu Eziyinhloko Zokulawulwa Kokusetshenziswa

Njengokungezelelwa kokudla, "ukuphepha" kuyisimo esiyinhloko. Okwamanje, iziphathimandla ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke seziqinisekisile izindinganiso eziqinile zokusetshenziswa kwe-silica dioxide yokudla, futhi inqwaba yezifundo iqinisekisile izici zayo "eziphansi-ingozi nezilula-ukuphathwa":

3.1 Ukuhambisana Okuphindwe Kabili Ekhaya Nasezindaweni Zangaphandle, Ukuphepha Okukhonjwa Ngababusi

Nakuba kunezinguquko ezincane emthethweni ezindaweni ezahlukene, bonke bayavuma ukuphepha kwawo. Izindinganiso ezithile zimi kanje:

• I-Standard Yezwe laseShayina (GB 2760-2024): Uma isetshenziswa njengomkhiqizo ophikisana nokuhlangana, inani eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa ezitsheni ezingavuthiwe lingu-1.2 g/kg, kanti u-20 g/kg ku-batter/powder yokufry (kubalwa njenge-SiO₂). Uma isetshenziswa njengosizo lokucubungula ekukhishweni kwe-dough nasekuvimbeleni ngesikhathi sokuphuma, akukho mikhawulo enanini elisele (kodwa kudingeka ubufakazi bokuthi le nqubo iyadingeka);

• Izindinganiso Zamazwe Ngamazwe: IKomidi Lezazi Elivumelanayo le-FAO/WHO Eliphathelene Nezithasiselo Zokudla (JECFA) likhethe inani layo le-ADI (Ukutholakala Kwansuku Zonke Okwamukelekayo) njengokuthi "akukhulunywa", okusho ukuthi "akukho ubungozi bezempilo uma kusetshenziswa ngaphakathi komkhawulo ofanele", futhi ihlukaniswe njenge-GRAS (Ihlonishwa Njengokuphephile). I-US FDA (21 CFR 182.2727) ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo emikhiqizweni yeziqhamo ezine inani eliphezulu lokwengeza elingu-2% (20 g/kg).

3.2 Ukulawula Ngendlela Yesayensi Umthamo Ukuze Kugwenywe "Izingozi Ezingeziwe"

Nakuba inezinga eliphezulu lokuphepha, ukwengeza okweqile kungase kusithinte ikhwalithi yokudla:

• Ububanzi Obufanele Bokwengeza: Inani lokwengeza ezithelweni eziningi lingama-0.1% kuya kwama-0.4%. Ngaphansi kwama-0.1%, imiphumela yokuvikela ekubunjweni nasekuthuthukiseni ayibalulekile; ukwedlula ama-0.5% kungaholela ekwandeni okungajwayelekile kokumunca amanzi kwidough (ukwengeza okungama-0.8% kuya kwama-1.2% amanzi kudingeka ngakunye ukwanda kwama-1% enanini lokwengeza) noma "ukwakheka kwegranular" okuncane ezithelweni;

• Ukusetshenziswa Okuphumelelayo Kwe-Synergistic: Ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi ezihlanganisiwe kunganciphisa umthamo. Isibonelo, "i-vital wheat gluten + i-silica dioxide (5:1-3:1)" ingaqinisa idough eline-gluten ephezulu, kanti "i-carrageenan + i-silica dioxide (2:1)" ingathuthukisa ukuzinza kokudla okusheshayo. Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa, umthamo we-silica dioxide ungancishiswa ngama-20%-30%.

3.3 Ukulawula Ikhwalithi Kusukela Emthonjeni, Gxila ku-"Izinto Ezingafanele Nezihlanzekile"

Ukukhetha imikhiqizo ehambisana nemithetho kuyisisekelo sokuphepha, futhi kufanele kubhekwe izinkomba ezimbili ezibalulekile:

• Ubumsulwa: I-SiO₂ okuqukethwe (ngesisekelo esomile) kufanele ibe ≥99.0% ukuze kugwenywe ukungcola okuthinta ukunambitheka kokudla;

• Izinsimbi Ezinsindayo: Iphuli ≤2 mg/kg, i-aseni ≤1 mg/kg. Ezinye izimpahla eziphezulu (njenge Nanjing Tianxing TSP-C05) zingafinyelela iphuli ≤0.0001 mg/kg kanye ne-aseni ≤0.00001 mg/kg, zineziphakamiso ezingcono zokuphepha.![Isithombe 3 Umehluko Wokuhlonza Izindinganiso Zokuhlangabezana Nezidingo Zokudla Zokudla Kwe-Silica Dioxide (Qaphela: Qhathanisa ngokuhlanganyela ububanzi bokusetshenziswa nezidingo zokukhawulela ze-GB 2760-2024 yaseChina, i-JECFA, ne-FDA)](Faka isithombe sokuhlonza izindinganiso lapha ukuze ubhale kahle izinkomba eziyisisekelo zezigaba ezahlukene)

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezindinganiso zokuhambisana kwamazwe omhlaba ze-silica dioxide efanele ukudla.

4. Iziqhamo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukusebenza Okunempumelelo Kakhulu, Okunempilo Kakhulu, Okushukumiswayo Ngobuchwepheshe Bokwakha

Ngokwanda kwesidingo se "labeli ezihlanzekile" kanye ne "ukucutshungulwa okuluhlaza" kubathengi, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-silica dioxide yezezimali kuhamba ngendlela ye "ukwandiswa kokusebenza + umthombo wemvelo":

4.1 Ukuguqulwa Kwezisebenzi: Ukulungisa Ngempela Izidingo Zezimo

• Ukwelashwa KwePhezulu Okuthandayo Uwoyela: Ngokwenza ushintsho nge-silane coupling agents, umphumela wokumunca uwoyela we-silica dioxide ukhuphuka usuka ku-1.5 g/g ufinyelele ku-2.2 g/g, okwenza kube kufanelekile kakhulu ukudla okuphansi nokubhaka okunezinga eliphezulu le-fat futhi kunciphisa ukutholwa kowoyela;

• Ukuklama kweNanopore: I-silica dioxide enezikhala ezincane ezingu-5-10 nm ilungiselelwe, engasetshenziswa njenge "thwala lokukhululwa okuqhubekayo" kwezinhlayiya (njenge-α-amylase), ikhulisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwezinhlayiya ngama-2-3 amahora futhi ivimbela ubhontshisi ekwakheni ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokugcina.

4.2 Imithombo Yemvelo: Ukukhulula i-"Chemically Synthesized" Ilayibheli

I- silica dioxide yemvelo efanele ukudla ekhishwe ku-ash ye-husk yerayisi (enokuqukethwe kwe-SiO₂ >90%) idlule ekuqinisekisweni kwe-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Lezi zimpahla azigcini nje ngokugcina izici zokumunca ezine-porous kodwa futhi zihlangabezana nesidingo se-"natural source" clean labels. Okwamanje, seziphumelele ekudleni okuphezulu njenge-bread ye-organic kanye nezithako zemvelo.

4.3 Ukunciphisa Umthamo Wokuhlanganisa: Ukwehlisa Izindleko + Ukwandisa Ukusebenza

Ngokuhlanganiswa kwe "silica dioxide + maltodextrin (1:2)", umphumela wokuvikela ekubunjweni ungagcinwa ngenkathi kuncishiswa inani le-silica dioxide ngama-30%. Lokhu akunciphisi kuphela izindleko zokukhiqiza kodwa futhi kunciphisa nenani eliphelele lezithako zokwengeza ekudleni, okwenza kube lula ukuthi kudunyiswe ngababukeli.

Isiphetho: Inani Eliyinhloko le "Mvikeli Ongabonakali" - Ukuguqulwa Komzimba, Ukuvikelwa Okuphephile

I-silica dioxide esezingeni lokudla ayisiyona igama elihambisana "nezithasiselo zamakhemikhali", kodwa iyithuluzi "lobuchwepheshe" elixazulula izinkinga ezithile embonini yokudla ezifana "nokuhlanganiswa, ukuhlukaniswa, ukunambitheka okungesihle, kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokuphila" ngokusebenzisa "ukuphatha ngokomzimba, ukwesekwa kwesikhala" nezinye iziphumo. Inhloso yokuqala yamanani ayo ikhona: ukufaka esikhundleni sokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali ngezimpawu zomzimba ezilawulwayo nokwenza uqinisekise ukuphepha kokudla ngezilinganiso ezihambisanayo.

Esikhathini esizayo, ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemithetho, i-silica dioxide yeziqukathi zokudla izozivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene zokudla ngokunembile, iguquke ukusuka "ekuthuthukiseni okuyisisekelo" iye "ekwandiseni ukusebenza" futhi iqhubeke ivikela ikhwalithi yokudla nempilo yabathengi. Kubantu abathengisa ukudla, ukukhetha izinhlobo ngokwesayensi, ukulawula ngokuqinile izilinganiso, nokulandela izindinganiso zokuhambisana kuyizihluthulelo zokusebenzisa inani layo; kubathengi, ukuqonda "ukusebenza komzimba" kanye "nokuqinisekiswa kokuphepha" kungabasiza babheke izithasiselo zokudla ngokucacile futhi bajabulele isipiliyoni sokudla esingcono.

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