Kungani imakethe ye-silicon dioxide e-Brazil nakuyo yonke iNingizimu Melika ibonisa isidingo esikhulu kangaka futhi esikhula ngokuqhubekayo?

Kwadalwa ngo 11.12

Kungani imakethe ye-silicon dioxide e-Brazil nakuyo yonke iNingizimu Melika ibonisa isidingo esikhulu kangaka nokukhula okuqhubekayo?

Imakethe ye-silicon dioxide e-Brazil kanye nengxenye yeNingizimu Melika isiphenduke enye yezigaba ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ezinomthamo omkhulu wokusetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, enesidingo saminyaka yonke esingaphezu kwamathani angu-360,000 futhi izinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlangene elingaphezu kuka-5.2% eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. IBrazil igxile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwesifunda okungaphezu kuka-62%, iba yiyo injini engenakuphikiswa yesidingo saseNingizimu Melika, ilandelwa yi-Argentina, i-Chile, i-Colombia ne-Peru. Lokhu kwanda akugcini emkhakheni owodwa, kodwa kusekelwe ekukhuleni ngasikhathi sinye kwezimboni eziyisikhombisa ezibalulekile: ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu kanye nezimonyo, ukudla neziphuzo, imithi kanye nezempilo, amapulasitiki kanye nokupakisha, amathayi kanye ne-rubber, upende kanye noyinki, kanye nezolimo kanye nokudla kwezilwane. Ngokungafani nezimakethe ezivuthiwe ezinokukhula okumile, isifunda saseNingizimu Melika sihlanganisa isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwabantu esikhulayo, ukukhula kwezimboni okuqhubekayo kanye nesidingo esikhulayo mayelana nekhwalithi nokuhambisana nemithetho, okuqinisekisa ukuthi isidingo se-silicon dioxide yamazinga ahlukene sizoqhubeka sikhula ngokungaguquki eminyakeni ezayo.

Ibalazwe laseNingizimu Melika eliveza iBrazil ngokugqamile kanye namagrafu okukhula kwesidingo se-silicon dioxide

1. Ukubuka konke kwemakethe: usayizi, ukusatshalaliswa ngamazwe kanye nezinhlobo zemikhiqizo

1.1 Umthamo ophelele kanye nesisindo seBrazil esifundeni

Ngokokuhlaziywa komkhakha wamakhemikhali okhethekile, ukusetshenziswa kukonke kwe-silicon dioxide (kokubili kwe-precipitated ne-pyrogenic, kanye ne-silica gel) eNingizimu Melika kweqe amathani angaphezu kuka-362,000 ngo-2025, ngenani elilinganiselwa emadollarini aseMelika angaphezu kuka-980 million. Ngaphakathi kwaleli volumu, iBrazil imelela u-62.3% wengqikithi, ngamathani angaphezu kuka-225,000 asetshenziswa minyaka yonke, okwenza kube yimakethe yesishiyagalombili ngobukhulu be-silicon dioxide emhlabeni futhi ibe umholi ongenakuphikiswa eLatin America.

Ngemuva kwe-Brazil kukhona i-Argentina, enesilinganiso samathani angu-48,000 ngonyaka (13.2% wokusetshenziswa kwesifunda), i-Chile enamathani angu-31,000 (8.5%), i-Colombia enamathani angu-27,000 (7.4%) kanye ne-Peru enamathani angu-19,000 (5.2%). Ezinye izwe ezifana ne-Uruguay, i-Paraguay, i-Ecuador ne-Bolivia zihlanganisa u-3.4% osele, nemakethe amancane kodwa anamathrendi okukhula amahle aqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

1.2 Izinhlobo ze-silicon dioxide ezifunwa kakhulu esifundeni

Ngokwezinhlobo zemikhiqizo, i-silicon dioxide ye-precipitation igxile cishe ku-78% wokusetshenziswa kwayo yonke eNingizimu Melika, ngoba isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yomthamo omkhulu njengamathayi, upende, ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo, izinto zokuvimbela ukunamathela kokudla kanye namapulasitiki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-silicon dioxide ye-pyrogenic imele cishe i-14% yemakethe, eqondiswe ekusetshenzisweni kwenani eliphezulu njenge-cosmetics yekhwalithi ephezulu, ukulawulwa kwe-rheology kopende, ama-adhesives obuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye nokupakishwa kwamafilimu anokucaca okuphezulu. Ekugcineni, i-silica gel nezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile zimelela i-8% esele, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-adsorbents okudla, ama-catalysts kanye nasekusetshenzisweni kwemithi yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu.

1.3 Ukuthuthuka kokukhula eshumeni leminyaka edlule

Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, imakethe yaseNingizimu Melika ye-silicon dioxide iye yakhula ngokungaguquki, ngisho nasezikhathini zokushintshashintsha komnotho. Phakathi kuka-2015 no-2020, izinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiwe lalilingana no-4.1%, okwakugqugquzelwa ikakhulukazi ukwanda kwemboni yokudla nokupakisha. Kusukela ngo-2021, ijubane lokukhula lakhula laze lafinyelela ku-5.8% ngonyaka, okwagqugquzelwa izici ezintathu ezibalulekile: ukululama kwemboni yezimoto namathayi ngemuva kobhubhane, ukudlondlobala kwezohwebo lwe-elekthronikhi okwakhulisa isidingo sokupakisha ngepulasitiki okuguquguqukayo, kanye nokwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda nokwakha okwagqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kopende nezingubo zokumboza zezinhlobo zonke.

2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesidingo ngomkhakha: izimboni eziyisikhombisa eziqhuba ukusetshenziswa okukhulu

Amandla emakethe yaseNingizimu Melika asekwe ekwehlukahlukeni kwayo: ayincikile emkhakheni owodwa wamakhasimende, kodwa inemithombo eminingi yezidingo ehlanganayo futhi enciphisa ukuguquguquka kwemakethe. Okulandelayo, kuhlaziywa ngokuningiliziwe imboni ngayinye ebalulekile.

Izimboni eziyisikhombisa ezikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika: izimonyo, ukudla, ikhemisi, amapulasitiki, amathayi, upende kanye nokudla kwezilwane

2.1 Ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu nezimonyo: umkhakha odla kakhulu i-silicon dioxide ekhethekile

Umkhakha wokunakekela komuntu siqu ungenye yezinto eziqhubayo eziqinile kakhulu zokufunwa kwe-dioksidi ye-silicon eNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi eBrazil, enemboni yesibili ngobukhulu yobuhle nokunakekela komuntu siqu emhlabeni ngobuningi bamayunithi adayisiwe.

Ukusetshenziswa kukamuthi wokuxubha amazinyo: isigaba esikhulu kakhulu ngobuningi

I-dioksidi ye-silicon yezinga lamazinyo iyisihlanzi nesikhulisi esisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kamuthi wokuxubha amazinyo, ithatha kancane kancane indawo ye-calcium carbonate emikhiqizweni yezinga eliphakathi neliphezulu. ENingizimu Melika, ukusetshenziswa kwe-dioksidi ye-silicon yokusetshenziswa kwamazinyo kudlula amathani angu-65,000 ngonyaka, okungaphezu kwamathani angu-42,000 awo aseBrazil kuphela.

Isimangalo sisekelwe ekubeni khona kwezinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe kulo mkhakha: i-Colgate-Palmolive, i-Unilever, i-Procter & Gamble, i-Henkel kanye ne-GSK zinezimboni zokukhiqiza e-Brazil, e-Argentina nase-Chile, futhi zihlinzeka isifunda sonke kusukela kulezi zikhungo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwemikhiqizo yasendaweni kanye nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza amazinyo, imithi yamazinyo ebuthakathaka kanye namafomula emvelo kuye kwakhulisa isidingo samazinga akhethekile e-silicon dioxide anemingcele yobukhulu bezinhlayiyana nokuhuzuka okulawulwa ngokuphelele.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezimonyo nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba: ukukhula kwezinga eliphezulu

Emkhakheni wezimonyo, i-silicon dioxide eyenziwe nge-pyrogenic isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukucwebezela, i-thickener, i-anti-caking kanye ne-ejenti yokwakha ukuthungwa kumakhrimu, ama-lotion, izimonyo, izinto zokuhlikihla umzimba kanye nemikhiqizo yokuvikela ilanga. Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide yezimonyo eNingizimu Melika kukhule ngezinga lonyaka lika-7.9%, okuphezulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso sesifunda, okushukunyiswa ukwanda kwemali esetshenziswayo ngomuntu ngamunye kwezobuhle, ukwandiswa komkhuba wokunakekela isikhumba kanye nokungena kwezimpawu zamazwe ngamazwe zezinga eliphezulu emakethe.

IBrasil ihamba phambili kulesi sigaba ngaphezu kuka-70% wokusetshenziswa kwesifunda, ilandelwa yi-Argentina ne-Chile, lapho imakethe yezimonyo zekhwalithi ephezulu ibonise ukukhula okuphawulekayo ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva.

2.2 Imboni yokudla neziphuzo: isidingo esizinzile samazinga okudla

Imboni yokudla neziphuzo iwumkhakha wesibili ngobuningi bokusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide yezinga lokudla, ngamathani angaphezu kuka-58,000 ngonyaka kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Melika. I-silicon dioxide evunyelwe ukuthintana nokudla isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi njenge-ejenti elivimbela ukunamathela ezintweni zokudla eziyimpuphu, njengesihlanzi kubhiya neziphuzo, kanye njenge-adsorbent ekuhlanzeni uwoyela namafutha okudla.

Ama-antiaglutinant emikhiqizweni eyimpuphu: ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kakhulu

Emikhiqizweni efana nobisi oluyimpuphu, ushizi oluyimpuphu, i-whey yobisi, izinongo, ushukela ocwebezelayo, ufulawa okhethekile kanye nezithako zokudla okunomsoco, i-silicon dioxide ivimbela ukwakheka kwamagaxa futhi ithuthukisa ukuhamba kahle kwempuphu ngesikhathi sokucubungula, ukupakisha nokugcina. Ngokukhula kwemboni yokudla okucubunguliwe kanye nezithako zokudla zemidlalo esifundeni, isidingo salolu hlobo lwe-silicon dioxide silokhu sikhula ngokuzinza ngo-4.5% ngonyaka.

IBrazil, njengomkhiqizi omkhulu wokudla eNingizimu Melika futhi ingomunye wabathengisi abakhulu emhlabeni wemikhiqizo yezolimo nokudla, igxilisa ngaphezu kuka-60% walokhu kusetshenziswa. I-Argentina, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inesidingo esibalulekile esivela embonini yayo enamandla yobisi kanye nenyama ecubunguliwe.

Ukucaciswa kukabhiya neziphuzo

Enye insiza efanele ukusetshenziswa i-silica gel njenge-ejenti yokucacisa ekukhiqizeni ubhiya, lapho isusa khona izinhlanganisela zamaprotheni ezibangela ukufiphala futhi ithuthukisa ukuzinza kwesiphuzo phakathi nokuphila kwaso. INingizimu Melika inemboni yobhiya enkulu kakhulu: iBrazil ingumkhiqizi wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni wobhiya, futhi amazwe afana neColombia, i-Argentina nePeru nawo anezimakethe zawo zangaphakathi ezithuthuke kakhulu.

Ukukhula kwezindawo zokukhiqiza ubhiya besandla kuyo yonke indawo nakho kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwesidingo se-silica gel yezinga lokudla, njengoba lezi zinhlobo zifuna imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze ziqinisekise ukucaca nokuzinza kokukhiqiza kwazo.

2.3 Umkhakha wezemithi nezempilo: ukukhula kwesidingo samazinga okuhlanzeka okuphezulu

Umkhakha wezokwelapha waseNingizimu Melika uthole ukukhula okuqhubekayo kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okushukunyiswa ukwanda kokufinyelela kwezempilo, ukwanda kwemakethe yemithi yokwenziwa kanye nokulawulwa okukhulu kwezinto zokuxuba ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Kulesi simo, i-silicon dioxide yezinga lezokwelapha isiphenduke into ebalulekile yokuxuba, esetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokugeleza, i-anti-agglutinant kanye nesithwali kumaphilisi, amacapsule kanye neziqhumo zemithi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-silicon dioxide yezokwelapha esifundeni kucishe kube amathani angu-12,000, ngezinga lokukhula kwaminyaka yonke elingu-6.8%, eliphezulu kakhulu kunemakethe evamile. IBrazil imelela ngaphezu kuka-65% walokhu kusetshenziswa, njengoba inemboni yezokwelapha ethuthuke kakhulu eLatin America, enezitshalo zamalabhorethri ezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe nezasekhaya ezihlinzeka imakethe yangaphakathi kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwemakethe yezithako zokudla kanye nemikhiqizo yezempilo yemvelo kudale isidingo esengeziwe se-silicon dioxide yezinga lokudla-ekhemisi, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neChile, i-Argentina neColombia, lapho ukuqwashisa ngezempilo nokuphila kahle kuye kwanda kakhulu.

Isici esibalulekile sale ngxenye ukufunwa okuphezulu mayelana nokuhambisana nemithetho: imikhiqizo kufanele ihambisane namazinga afana ne-United States Pharmacopeia (USP), i-European Pharmacopeia (EP) kanye nemithetho yasekhaya yezwe ngalinye, okukhuphula umkhawulo wokungena futhi kwenza isidingo sigxile kubaphakeli abanezitifiketi ezaziwa umhlaba wonke.

2.4 Imboni yamapulasitiki nokupakisha: injini yokukhula esheshayo eminyakeni yamuva

Imboni yamapulasitiki nokupakisha, ngokungangabazeki, iwumkhakha oye wakhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwesidingo se-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, ngezinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiwe lika-7.2%. I-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa kulo mkhakha ikakhulukazi njenge-ejenti elwa nokunamathela (isivuli) kumafilimu epulasitiki, njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukukhanya kuma-coatings namapulasitiki, nanjenge-ejenti yokuqinisa ezintweni ezihlanganisiwe.

I-ejenti elwa nokunamathela kumafilimu okupakisha: isigaba esikhulu kakhulu ngomthamo

Isicelo esidingeka kakhulu yileso sokulwa nokunamathela kumafilimu e-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP) ne-BOPP, asetshenziswa ekupakisheni ukudla, imikhiqizo yezimboni kanye nezimpahla zokusetshenziswa. I-silicon dioxide yakha izintwana ezincane ezingaphezulu kwefilimu, ivimbele izingqimba ukuthi zinganamatheli ndawonye ngesikhathi sokugobela futhi yenze kube lula ukuvula emigqeni yokupakisha yezimboni.

Ukukhula kwezohwebo lwe-elekthronikhi eNingizimu Melika kuye kwandisa isidingo samaphakethe aguquguqukayo, njengoba imikhiqizo eminingi ithengiswa nge-inthanethi futhi idinga amaphakethe aqinile nasezingeni eliphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwemboni yokudla okucutshungulwayo neziphuzo kuye kwandisa isidingo samafilimu okupakisha anezici ezikhethekile, njengokucaca okuphezulu, ukumelana nokushisa nokuphepha kokudla okuqinisekisiwe.

IBrazil inemboni ebalulekile yamafilimu epulasitiki kanye nama-masterbatch angavimbeli ukunamathela, kodwa izinkampani eziningi zincike ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe kwe-silicon dioxide yekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze zikhiqize imikhiqizo yazo, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo yezinga eliphezulu njengamafilimu anokucaca okuphezulu namaphakethe okusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha.

Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kupulasitiki

Ngaphandle kwama-anti-blocking agents, i-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukukhanya emaphethelweni e-PVC, izingxenye zepulasitiki zefenisha nezimoto, kanye nokuqinisa kuma-compounds e-rubber nepulasitiki. Ngokukhula kwesidingo sezinto zepulasitiki ezinokuphela okumatte nezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zomshini, le ngxenye nayo ibonisa ukukhula okuhle okuqhubekayo.

Indawo entsha evelayo enamandla amakhulu yi-plastics e-biodegradable ne-base-biological, lapho i-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa njenge-additive ukuthuthukisa ukucubungula kanye nezakhiwo zomshini zalezi zinto. Njengoba isifunda sithatha imithetho eqinile mayelana nepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye, kulindeleke ukuthi isidingo se-silicon dioxide salezi zinhlobo zezinhlelo sikhule kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo.

2.5 Imboni yamathayi ne-rubber: isidingo se-silicon dioxide ye-precipitation ye-high dispersion

Imboni yamathayi ingomunye wabadayisi abangumlando be-silicon dioxide ye-precipitation ephezulu yokusabalalisa (HDS), esetshenziswa njenge-filler yokuqinisa kuma-compounds e-rubber ukunciphisa ukumelana nokugingqika, ukuthuthukisa ukubamba emanzi nokwandisa ukuqina kwamathayi.

INingizimu Melika inemboni yezimoto namathayi esekelwe kahle: iBrazil ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wezimoto namathayi esifundeni, inezitshalo zabakhiqizi abakhulu bomhlaba njengeBridgestone, Michelin, Goodyear, Pirelli neContinental. I-Argentina neChile nazo zinokukhiqizwa kwamathayi kanye nesidingo esikhulu semakethe yokushintsha, esimele ingxenye enkulu yevolumu ephelele.

Ukusetshenziswa konyaka kwe-silicon dioxide yamathayi esifundeni kucishe kube amathani angu-72,000, okugxilisa cishe u-20% wokusetshenziswa okuphelele. Ukushintshwa kuya kumathayi aluhlaza anokumelana okuphansi nokugingqika, okuqhubekiswa imithetho yokusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nesidingo sabathengi abaqaphela imvelo, kwenze ukulingana kwe-silicon dioxide ekwakhiweni kwamathayi kukhule kancane kancane, okudala ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo.

Ngaphandle komkhakha wamathayi, i-silicon dioxide iphinde isetshenziswe kweminye imikhiqizo yenjoloba njengamapayipi, amabhande, izivalo kanye nezicathulo zezicathulo, imikhakha ephinde ibonise isidingo esizinzile kuso sonke isifunda.

2.6 Imboni yezopende, uyinki kanye nezingubo zokumboza: eqhutshwa ukwakhiwa kanye nemboni

Imboni yamapende nezingubo zokumboza ingenye yabasebenzisi abakhulu be-silicon dioxide, ngokusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke eNingizimu Melika cishe amathani angu-45,000. I-silicon dioxide ye-pyrogenic kanye ne-precipitated matting isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti ye-rheology, i-anti-sedimentation kanye ne-matting emapendeni ezakhiwo, ezimbonini, okhuni nasezimoto, kanye nasemaphepheni okunyathelisa e-flexographic ne-offset.

Ukukhuthazwa kwezokwakha nengqalasizinda

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukululama komkhakha wezokwakha emazweni afana neBrazil, Chile neColombia kukhuthaze kakhulu isidingo samapende ezakhiwo, futhi ngenxa yalokho nesidingo se-silicon dioxide. Izinhlelo zezindlu zomphakathi, ukutshalwa kwezimali kungqalasizinda yemigwaqo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo zezentengiselwano kudale isidingo esikhulu sezingubo zokumboza zazo zonke izinhlobo namazinga.

Ukukhula kwamapende ezimbonini asebenza kahle kakhulu

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezokukhiqiza waseNingizimu Melika kuye kwandisa isidingo samapende ezimboni asebenza kahle kakhulu, adinga izithasiselo zekhwalithi ephezulu njenge-silicon dioxide epyrogenic ukuze kulawulwe i-rheology futhi kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zefilimu kapende.

Ingxenye yamayinki okunyathelisa nayo inegalelo elibalulekile esidingweni, ikakhulukazi ngokukhula komkhakha wokupakisha kanye nokunyathelisa kwamalebula nezingxenyeni zokupakisha eziguquguqukayo zekhwalithi ephezulu.

2.7 Ezolimo kanye nokudla kwezilwane: imakethe enomthamo omkhulu enamandla okukhula

Njengesifunda esihamba phambili ekukhiqizeni ezolimo nezilwane emhlabeni wonke, iNingizimu Melika inesidingo esibaluleke kakhulu se-silicon dioxide yezinga lokudla ezosetshenziswa ekudleni kwezilwane nasezintweni zezolimo.

Ukudla kwezilwane: izinto ezivimbela ukunamathela kokudla kwezilwane nezithasiselo

Ekukhiqizeni ukudla kwezifuyo, izinkukhu, izingulube kanye nezilwane zasemanzini, i-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa njenge-anti-caking agent ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba kahle kokudla okuyimpuphu nokuyi-granular, ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwamagwebu ngesikhathi sokugcinwa nokuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwezithako zokudla.

IBrazil, i-Argentina, i-Uruguay neParaguay zingabanye babakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu okusanhlamvu nenyama emhlabeni, futhi zinemboni enkulu kakhulu yokudla kwezifuyo. Ukusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-silicon dioxide yokudla kwezifuyo esifundeni kudlula amathani angu-38,000, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubeke kukhula njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni ezilwane kukhula ukuze kuhlinzekwe imakethe yasekhaya kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni.

Izinto zokulima: izithwali nezithako zemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ezolimo

Emkhakheni wezolimo, i-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa njengesithwali kanye ne-anti-caking agent emikhankasweni yemithi yokubulala ukhula, isikhunta nezinambuzane eyimpushana kanye namagranule. INingizimu Melika ingelinye lamamakethe amakhulu kakhulu emithi yezolimo emhlabeni, ngakho-ke lokhu kusetshenziswa kumelela umthamo obalulekile wesidingo, onamandla okukhula njengoba kuthathwa imikhankaso esebenza kahle futhi yekhwalithi ephezulu.

3. Indima eyinhloko ye-Brazil: kungani iyimakethe ekhanga kakhulu eNingizimu Melika

I-Brazil ayiyona nje kuphela izwe elikhulu kakhulu futhi elinabantu abaningi eNingizimu Melika, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa isisekelo sezimboni esiphelele futhi esihlukahlukene kakhulu esifundeni, okusenza sibe yinjini engangabazeki yesidingo se-silicon dioxide.

Indawo yokugcina kanye nokuthuthwa kwempahla ethekwini laseBrazil yamasaka e-silicon dioxide angenisiwe emkhakheni wezimboni waseNingizimu Melika

3.1 Isisekelo sezimboni esihlukahlukene kanye nesidingo semikhakha eminingi

Ngokungafani namanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika ancike emikhakheni eyodwa noma emibili eyinhloko, iBrazil inezimboni ezithuthukile kuzo zonke izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-silicon dioxide: ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu, ukudla, ikhemisi, amapulasitiki, amathayi, upende kanye nezolimo. Lokhu kwehlukahluka kwenza ukuthi imakethe yaseBrazil ikwazi ukumelana nezingcindezi zezomnotho futhi igcine ukukhula okungaguquki esikhathini eside.

3.2 Inani labantu elikhulu kanye nemakethe yezimpahla zokudla enkulu

Ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-215, iBrazil inemakethe yezimpahla zokudla enkulu kunazo zonke eLatin America. Ukwanda kwesigaba esiphakathi emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule kuye kwadala ukukhula okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa kwezimpahla zokugcina, kusukela kumakhowe amazinyo nezimonyo kuya ekudleni okucutshungulwayo nemikhiqizo epakishwe, okuholela ngqo ekwenyukeni kwesidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ezifana ne-silicon dioxide.

3.3 Umthamo wokukhiqiza wasekhaya onganele kanye nokuncika okukhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe

Naphezu komthamo wayo omkhulu wokusetshenziswa, iBrazil inamandla okukhiqiza asekhaya e-silicon dioxide anomkhawulo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lekhwalithi ephakathi nendawo nephezulu. Iningi lokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya ligxile ezingeni lekhwalithi evamile yezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo, kuyilapho imikhiqizo yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, enokulawulwa kwezinhlayiyana kanye nezinga elikhethekile (i-pyrogenic, yamazinyo, yezemithi) incike kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe.

Abahlinzeki abakhulu be-silicon dioxide ethengiswa kwamanye amazwe eBrazil yiChina, i-United States kanye namazwe aseYurophu. Eminyakeni yamuva, imikhiqizo yaseChina ithole ingxenye yemakethe ekhulayo ngenxa yobudlelwano bayo obuhle bekhwalithi nentengo, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwekhwalithi kanye nokutholakala kwezitifiketi zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-USP, i-EP kanye nezitifiketi zokudla ezisemthethweni.

3.4 Amandla okukhula esikhathini eside

Naphezu kobukhulu bayo bamanje, imakethe yaseBrazil ye-silicon dioxide isanethuba elibanzi lokukhula. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide ngomuntu ngamunye eBrazil kusephansi kunamazwe athuthukile njenge-United States, iJalimane noma iJapan, okubonisa ukuthi njengoba izinga lemali engenayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kukhula, isidingo sizoqhubeka nokwanda kancane kancane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhakha esafufusa njengamandla elanga (okusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide kumafilimu okufaka amaphaneli e-photovoltaic), amabhethri e-lithium kanye nezinto ezithuthukile kuzokhiqiza imithombo emisha yesidingo ebaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo.

4. Izinto zesakhiwo ezikhuthaza ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo

Ukukhula okungapheli kwesidingo se-silicon dioxide eBrazil naseNingizimu Melika akuzona ize, kodwa kusekelwe ezintweni zesakhiwo eziqinisekisa ukwanda kwemakethe esikhathini eside.

4.1 Ukwanda kwabantu kanye nokukhula kwamandla okuthenga

INingizimu Melika inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-430, inani labantu abasha futhi elikhulayo, nesigaba esiphakathi esikhulayo esifuna izinto zekhwalithi ephezulu ngokwanda. Njengoba imali engenayo yomuntu ngamunye ikhula, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokunakekela umuntu, ukudla okucutshungulwayo, izimpahla ezihlala isikhathi eside kanye nezinsizakalo kuyakhula, lokhu okuholela ngqo ekwenyukeni kwesidingo sezinto zokugaya zamakhemikhali.

4.2 Ukukhula kwezimboni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kochungechunge lwabahlinzeki basekhaya

Emashumini eminyaka adlule, iNingizimu Melika ibe nenqubo yokukhula kwezimboni, nokuthuthukiswa kochungechunge lwabahlinzeki basekhaya emikhakheni efana nokupakisha, izimonyo, ukudla kanye nemithi. Izinkampani eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe zifaka izimboni zokukhiqiza esifundeni ukuze zihlinzekele imakethe yasekhaya futhi zigweme izintela eziphezulu kanye nezindleko zokuthutha zemikhiqizo ephelele evela kwamanye amazwe.

Lokhu kukhula kwandisa isidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ezingavuthiwe njenge-silicon dioxide, njengoba izitshalo zasekhaya zidinga ukuthola izinto zokufaka emkhiqizweni wazo. Ngokungafani nemikhiqizo ephelile, izinto zokufaka zamakhemikhali zinezintela eziphansi emazweni amaningi aseNingizimu Melika, okukhuthaza ukungeniswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe zekhwalithi.

4.3 Isidingo esikhulayo semithetho kanye nokushintshwa kwemikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephansi

Izinhlangano ezilawulayo zamazwe aseNingizimu Melika ziye zaqinisa kancane kancane imithetho ehlobene nokuphepha kokudla, izinga lezidakamizwa, ukuphepha kwezimonyo kanye nezici zezinto zokupakisha. Lokhu kufuna okukhulu kwenza izinkampani ziyeke kancane kancane izithako zekhwalithi ephansi nezingenazo izitifiketi, futhi zikhethe i-silicon dioxide yekhwalithi ephezulu enezitifiketi ezaziwa umhlaba wonke.

Isibonelo, emkhakheni wokudla, imithetho ye-MERCOSUR mayelana nezithako zokudla ibeka izidingo eziqinile zokuhlanzeka nokuphepha kwe-silicon dioxide, okukhuphula umkhawulo wokungena kwemikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephansi. Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ukwamukelwa kwemigomo yemikhuba emihle yokukhiqiza (GMP) kanye nesidingo sokuhambisana ne-USP ne-EP kuye kwakhuthaza isidingo semikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu.

4.4 Ukuvela kwemikhakha esafufusa enamandla amasha esidingo

Ngaphezu kwemikhakha evamile, kuvela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ze-silicon dioxide ezizokhiqiza imithamo ebalulekile yesidingo eminyakeni ezayo:

Amandla elanga
Amabhethri e-lithium
Izinto zokwakha eziphilayo nezibolayo

5. Izinselelo zemakethe nezici zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka

Naphezu kwamandla ayo amakhulu, imakethe yaseNingizimu Melika ye-silicon dioxide nayo inezinselelo ezibalulekile okufanele abahlinzeki bazazi ukuze basebenze ngempumelelo esifundeni.

5.1 Ukuguquguquka kwesilinganiso semali nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwentela

Iningi lamazwe aseNingizimu Melika linemali ehlangabezana nokuguquguquka uma iqhathaniswa nedola laseMelika, okuthinta izindleko zokungenisa kanye nokuhlela kwamabhizinisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zentela ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye izwe kuye kwelinye, kanti izintela zokungenisa, izintela zangaphakathi kanye nezindleko zentela yempahla zingakhuphula kakhulu izindleko zokugcina zomkhiqizo.

Esimweni esikhethekile saseBrazil, uhlelo lwentela luyinkimbinkimbi ikakhulukazi, kunezintela zikahulumeni omkhulu, zezifunda kanye nezikamasipala ezithinta intengo yokugcina yemikhiqizo engenisiwe. Abangenisi kufanele bazi kahle imithetho yasendaweni ukuze babale ngendlela efanele izindleko eziphelele zokungenisa futhi bahlele imali yabo yenzuzo ngendlela engokoqobo.

5.2 Izindleko eziphezulu zokuhamba nokuthumela kanye nezikhathi ezinde zokulethwa

Ngenxa yebanga lendawo namazwe ayinhloko akhiqiza i-silicon dioxide (i-China, iYurophu, i-United States), izikhathi zokuthumela ngomkhumbi zinde, ngokuvamile ziphakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-30 nezingu-45 ukuya emachwebeni aseBrazil, futhi zide nakakhulu emazweni asePacific njengeChile nePeru. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokuthutha kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezokuthutha kwangaphakathi zingaba yingxenye ebalulekile yezindleko eziphelele zomkhiqizo.

Ukuminyana ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi kanye nokubambezeleka kwezinqubo zentela yempahla nakho kuyizinselelo ezivamile emazweni amaningi akulesi sifunda, ngakho-ke abahlinzeki kufanele bahlele kahle ukuthunyelwa kwempahla futhi basebenze nabalingani bezokuthutha bendawo abathembekile.

5.3 Izithiyo zezohwebo kanye nezidingo zokugunyazwa

Nakuba iningi lamazwe aseNingizimu Melika livumela ukungeniswa kwe-silicon dioxide, kunezidingo zokugunyazwa nokubhaliswa okufanele kuhlonishwe. Isibonelo, eBrazil, izithako zokudla nemithi kufanele zibhaliswe ku-ANVISA (I-Ejensi Kazwelonke Yokulawula Ezempilo), inqubo edinga isikhathi nemibhalo enemininingwane.

Emkhakheni we-MERCOSUR, kukhona imithetho efanayo yezithako zokudla namakhemikhali, kodwa izwe ngalinye lingaba nezimfuneko ezengeziwe. Abahlinzeki bamazwe ngamazwe kufanele babe nazo zonke izitifiketi ezidingekayo (ISO, izitifiketi zokudla, USP, EP, njll.) ukuze bangene emakethe ngendlela ezinzile.

5.4 Ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yasendaweni nabanye abahlinzeki bamazwe ngamazwe

Nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kukhawulelwe, kukhona abakhiqizi abambalwa baseNingizimu Melika be-silicon dioxide abancintisana esigabeni samazinga ajwayelekile nezindleko eziphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlinzeki base-United States naseYurophu banokuba khona kwesikhathi eside esifundeni, ikakhulukazi esigabeni samazinga aphezulu.

Nokho, abahlinzeki baseShayina bathole inzuzo eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yamandla abo okukhiqiza, ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi, ukutholakala kwezitifiketi kanye nobudlelwano bekhwalithi nentengo obuncintisanayo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi esigabeni samazinga aphakathi naphakathi nasemikhiqizweni yomthamo omkhulu wokusetshenziswa.

6. Imibono yesikhathi esizayo namathrendi emakethe eminyakeni emi-5 ezayo

Imibono yemakethe ye-silicon dioxide e-Brazil naseNingizimu Melika eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo mihle kakhulu, ngezinga lokukhula lonyaka elilindelekile eliphakathi kuka-5% no-6% kuze kufike ku-2030.

6.1 Ukukhula ngomkhakha

Umkhakha wamapulasitiki nokupakisha uzoqhubeka ube yinjini yokukhula esheshayo, uqhutshwa ukuhweba nge-inthanethi kanye nesidingo sokupakisha okusimeme.
Umkhakha wokunakekela komuntu siqu uzoqhubeka nokukhula okuqinile, ikakhulukazi esigabeni sezimonyo zekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekela isikhumba.
Umkhakha wezempilo uzoqhubeka nokukhula ngaphezu kwesilinganiso, nesidingo esikhulayo sezinto ezisetshenziswayo zekhwalithi ephezulu.
Umkhakha wamathayi uzolulama kancane kancane futhi ugcine ukukhula okuzinzile, okushukunyiswa ukwenziwa kabusha kwezimoto kanye nokwamukelwa kwamathayi asebenza ngempumelelo enkulu yamandla.
Imikhakha esafufusa njengamandla elanga namabhethri e-lithium izoqala ukukhiqiza imithamo efanele yesidingo kusukela ngo-2027-2028.

6.2 Izitayela zesidingo sezinga lomkhiqizo

Isidingo se-silicon dioxide yezinga eliphakathi neliphezulu kulindeleke ukuthi sikhule ngokushesha kunesezinga elijwayelekile. Izinkampani zizofuna imikhiqizo enezakhiwo ezilawulwayo, izitifiketi zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezihambisana nezicelo ezithile, esikhundleni semikhiqizo ejwayelekile yekhwalithi ephansi.

Kuzokhula futhi isidingo semikhiqizo enezitifiketi zokusimama kanye nomsuka onomthwalo wemfanelo, njengoba izinkampani zamukela izinqubomgomo zemvelo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi webhizinisi.

6.3 Amathuba abahlinzeki bamazwe ngamazwe

Kubadayisi bamazwe ngamazwe be-silicon dioxide, ikakhulukazi abaseShayina, imakethe yaseNingizimu Melika imele ithuba elikhulu lokukhula. Ukuntula kokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya, ukwanda kwesidingo semikhiqizo yekhwalithi, kanye nesidingo sezinye izindlela ezincintisanayo kubadayisi bendabuko kudala isimo esihle sokungena nokwanda esifundeni.

Izihluthulelo zempumelelo yilezi: ukuba nazo zonke izitifiketi ezidingekayo emakethe ngayinye, ukusebenza nabadayisi basendaweni abanolwazi olujulile lwemakethe, ukunikeza ukusekelwa kobuchwepheshe okuseduze kanye nokulungisa umnikelo ngokwezidingo eziqondile zomkhakha ngamunye nezwe ngalinye.

7. Imibuzo evamile (FAQ)

Yiliphi izwe elisetshenzisa kakhulu i-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika?

IBrazil iyizwe elisebenzisa inani elikhulu kakhulu le-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika, libamba ngaphezu kuka-62% womthamo wesonke lesifunda. Linezisekelo zezimboni ezihlukahlukene kakhulu kanye nemakethe yabathengi enkulu kunazo zonke esifundeni, okulenza libe yinjini engangabazeki yemakethe yaseNingizimu Melika.

Yimiphi imikhakha eyinhloko esebenzisa i-silicon dioxide esifundeni?

Imikhakha eyisikhombisa eyinhloko yile: ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu nezimonyo, ukudla neziphuzo, ikhemisi nezempilo, amapulasitiki nokupakisha, amathayi ne-rubber, upende noyinki, kanye nezolimo nokudla kwezilwane. Umkhakha wamapulasitiki nokupakisha yiwo obonisa ukukhula okusheshayo kakhulu njengamanje.

Yimiphi imithetho okufanele ihlangatshezwe imikhiqizo ye-silicon dioxide ukuze ingene e-Brazil?

Ezinhlelweni zokudla nemithi, imikhiqizo kufanele ibe nokubhaliswa kwe-ANVISA (I-Ejensi Kazwelonke Yokugada Kwezempilo YaseBrazil). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka izitifiketi zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-USP (I-Pharmacopoeia Yase-United States), i-EP (I-Pharmacopoeia YaseYurophu) kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho ye-MERCOSUR yezithako zokudla. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ezimbonini, kudingeka amakhadi edatha yokuphepha (FDS) kanye nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe enemininingwane.

Kungani iBrazil incike kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwe-silicon dioxide kwamanye amazwe?

Naphezu komthamo wayo omkhulu wokusetshenziswa, ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kwe-silicon dioxide e-Brazil kukhawulelwe, ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphezulu naphakathi nendawo. Ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kugxile kakhulu emikhiqizweni ejwayelekile yezinhlelo eziyisisekelo, kuyilapho imikhiqizo ekhethekile, enobumsulwa obuphezulu kanye nokulinganiswa kwezinhlayiyana kufanele ingenise ukusuka e-China, e-United States noma e-Europe.

Yimaphi amathemba okukhula umakethe onawo eminyakeni ezayo?

Kulindeleke ukuthi imakethe ye-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika ikhule ngesilinganiso sonyaka esihlanganisiwe esiphakathi kuka-5% no-6% kuze kufike ku-2030. Ukukhula kuzoqhubekezelwa ukwanda kwemikhakha yokupakisha, ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu kanye neyezempilo, kanye nokuvela kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha kumandla elanga, amabhethri e-lithium kanye nezinto ezisimeme.

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